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第10/2008號行政長官公告
鑑於中華人民共和國就一九五九年十二月一日訂於華盛頓的《南極條約》（以下簡稱“條約”），於一九八三年六月八日向美利堅合眾國政府交存加入書；
又鑑於根據條約第十三條第五款的規定，條約自一九八三年六月八日起於全國生效，並於一九九九年十二月二十日按照中華人民共和國對外受該條約約束的相同規定和條件自動在澳門特別行政區生效；
行政長官根據澳門特別行政區第3/1999號法律第六條第一款的規定，命令公佈條約的英文正式文本及以該條約各正式文本為依據的中、葡文譯本。
二零零八年三月二十四日發佈。
行政長官 何厚鏵
———
二零零八年三月二十五日於行政長官辦公室
辦公室主任 何永安
THE ANTARTIC TREATY
The Governments of Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, the French Republic, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, the Union of South Africa, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United States of America,
Recognizing that it is in the interest of all mankind that Antarctica shall continue forever to be used exclusively for peaceful purposes and shall not become the scene or object of international discord;
Acknowledging the substantial contributions to scientific knowledge resulting from international cooperation in scientific investigation in Antarctica;
Convinced that the establishment of a firm foundation for the continuation and development of such cooperation on the basis of freedom of scientific investigation in Antarctica as applied during the International Geophysical Year accords with the interests of science and the progress of all mankind;
Convinced also that a treaty ensuring the use of Antarctica for peaceful purposes only and the continuance of international harmony in Antarctica will further the purposes and principles embodied in the Charter of the United Nations;
Have agreed as follows:
Article I
1. Antarctica shall be used for peaceful purposes only. There shall be prohibited, inter alia, any measures of a military nature, such as the establishment of military bases and fortifications, the carrying out of military maneuvers, as well as the testing of any type of weapons.
2. The present Treaty shall not prevent the use of military personnel or equipment for scientific research or for any other peaceful purpose.
Article II
Freedom of scientific investigation in Antarctica and cooperation toward that end, as applied during the International Geophysical Year, shall continue, subject to the provisions of the present Treaty.
Article III
1. In order to promote international cooperation in scientific investigation in Antarctica, as provided for in Article II of the present Treaty, the Contracting Parties agree that, to the greatest extent feasible and practicable:
(a) information regarding plans for scientific programs in Antarctica shall be exchanged to permit maximum economy of and efficiency of operations;
(b) scientific personnel shall be exchanged in Antarctica between expeditions and stations;
(c) scientific observations and results from Antarctica shall be exchanged and made freely available.
2. In implementing this Article, every encouragement shall be given to the establishment of cooperative working relations with those Specialized Agencies of the United Nations and other international organizations having a scientific or technical interest in Antarctica.
Article IV
1. Nothing contained in the present Treaty shall be interpreted as:
(a) a renunciation by any Contracting Party of previously asserted rights of or claims to territorial sovereignty in Antarctica;
(b) a renunciation or diminution by any Contracting Party of any basis of claim to territorial sovereignty in Antarctica which it may have whether as a result of its activities or those of its nationals in Antarctica, or otherwise;
(c) prejudicing the position of any Contracting Party as regards its recognition or non-recognition of any other State’s right of or claim or basis of claim to territorial sovereignty in Antarctica.
2. No acts or activities taking place while the present Treaty is in force shall constitute a basis for asserting, supporting or denying a claim to territorial sovereignty in Antarctica or create any rights of sovereignty in Antarctica. No new claim, or enlargement of an existing claim, to territorial sovereignty in Antarctica shall be asserted while the present Treaty is in force.
Article V
1. Any nuclear explosions in Antarctica and the disposal there of radioactive waste material shall be prohibited.
2. In the event of the conclusion of international agreements concerning the use of nuclear energy, including nuclear explosions and the disposal of radioactive waste material, to which all of the Contracting Parties whose representatives are entitled to participate in the meetings provided for under Article IX are parties, the rules established under such agreements shall apply in Antarctica.
Article VI
The provisions of the present Treaty shall apply to the area south of 60º South Latitude, including all ice shelves, but nothing in the present Treaty shall prejudice or in any way affect the rights, or the exercise of the rights, of any State under international law with regard to the high seas within that area.
Article VII
1. In order to promote the objectives and ensure the observance of the provisions of the present Treaty, each Contracting Party whose representatives are entitled to participate in the meetings referred to in Article IX of the Treaty shall have the right to designate observers to carry out any inspection provided for by the present Article. Observers shall be nationals of the Contracting Parties which designate them. The names of observers shall be communicated to every other Contracting Party having the right to designate observers, and like notice shall be given of the termination of their appointment.
2. Each observer designated in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 1 of this Article shall have complete freedom of access at any time to any or all areas of Antarctica.
3. All areas of Antarctica, including all stations, installations and equipment within those areas, and all ships and aircraft at points of discharging or embarking cargoes or personnel in Antarctica, shall be open at all times to inspection by any observers designated in accordance with paragraph 1 of this Article.
4. Aerial observation may be carried out at any time over any or all areas of Antarctica by any of the Contracting Parties having the right to designate observers.
5. Each Contracting Party shall, at the time when the present Treaty enters into force for it, inform the other Contracting Parties, and thereafter shall give them notice in advance, of
(a) all expeditions to and within Antarctica, on the part of its ships or nationals, and all expeditions to Antarctica organized in or proceeding from its territory;
(b) all stations in Antarctica occupied by its nationals; and
(c) any military personnel or equipment intended to be introduced by it into Antarctica subject to the conditions prescribed in paragraph 2 of Article I of the present Treaty.
Article VIII
1. In order to facilitate the exercise of their functions under the present Treaty, and without prejudice to the respective positions of the Contracting Parties relating to jurisdiction over all other persons in Antarctica, observers designated under paragraph 1 of Article VII and scientific personnel exchanged under subparagraph 1 (b) of Article III of the Treaty, and members of the staffs accompanying any such persons, shall be subject only to the jurisdiction of the Contracting Party of which they are nationals in respect of all acts or omissions occurring while they are in Antarctica for the purpose of exercising their functions.
2. Without prejudice to the provisions of paragraph 1 of this Article, and pending the adoption of measures in pursuance of subparagraph 1 (e) of Article IX, the Contracting Parties concerned in any case of dispute with regard to the exercise of jurisdiction in Antarctica shall immediately consult together with a view to reaching a mutually acceptable solution.
Article IX
1. Representatives of the Contracting Parties named in the preamble to the present Treaty shall meet at the City of Canberra within two months after the date of entry into force of the Treaty, and thereafter at suitable intervals and places, for the purpose of exchanging information, consulting together on matters of common interest pertaining to Antarctica, and formulating and considering, and recommending to their Governments, measures in furtherance of the principles and objectives of the Treaty, including measures regarding:
(a) use of Antarctica for peaceful purposes only;
(b) facilitation of scientific research in Antarctica;
(c) facilitation of international scientific cooperation in Antarctica;
(d) facilitation of the exercise of the rights of inspection provided for in Article VII of the Treaty;
(e) questions relating to the exercise of jurisdiction in Antarctica;
(f) preservation and conservation of living resources in Antarctica.
2. Each Contracting Party which has become a party to the present Treaty by accession under Article XIII shall be entitled to appoint representatives to participate in the meetings referred to in paragraph 1 of the present Article, during such time as that Contracting Party demonstrates its interest in Antarctica by conducting substantial scientific research activity there, such as the establishment of a scientific station or the despatch of a scientific expedition.
3. Reports from the observers referred to in Article VII of the present Treaty shall be transmitted to the representatives of the Contracting Parties participating in the meetings referred to in paragraph 1 of the present Article.
4. The measures referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article shall become effective when approved by all the Contracting Parties whose representatives were entitled to participate in the meetings held to consider those measures.
5. Any or all of the rights established in the present Treaty may be exercised as from the date of entry into force of the Treaty whether or not any measures facilitating the exercise of such rights have been proposed, considered or approved as provided in this Article.
Article X
Each of the Contracting Parties undertakes to exert appropriate efforts, consistent with the Charter of the United Nations, to the end that no one engages in any activity in Antarctica contrary to the principles or purposes of the present Treaty.
Article XI
1. If any dispute arises between two or more of the Contracting Parties concerning the interpretation or application of the present Treaty, those Contracting Parties shall consult among themselves with a view to having the dispute resolved by negotiation, inquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, judicial settlement or other peaceful means of their own choice.
2. Any dispute of this character not so resolved shall, with the consent, in each case, of all parties to the dispute, be referred to the International Court of Justice for settlement; but failure to reach agreement on reference to the International Court shall not absolve parties to the dispute from the responsibility of continuing to seek to resolve it by any of the various peaceful means referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article.
Article XII
1. (a) The present Treaty may be modified or amended at any time by unanimous agreement of the Contracting Parties whose representatives are entitled to participate in the meetings provided for under Article IX. Any such modification or amendment shall enter into force when the depositary Government has received notice from all such Contracting Parties that they have ratified it.
(b) Such modification or amendment shall thereafter enter into force as to any other Contracting Party when notice of ratification by it has been received by the depositary Government. Any such Contracting Party from which no notice of ratification is received within a period of two years from the date of entry into force of the modification or amendment in accordance with the provisions of subparagraph 1 (a) of this Article shall be deemed to have withdrawn from the present Treaty on the date of the expiration of such period.
2. (a) If after the expiration of thirty years from the date of entry into force of the present Treaty, any of the Contracting Parties whose representatives are entitled to participate in the meetings provided for under Article IX so requests by a communication addressed to the depositary Government, a Conference of all the Contracting Parties shall be held as soon as practicable to review the operation of the Treaty.
(b) Any modification or amendment to the present Treaty which is approved at such a Conference by a majority of the Contracting Parties there represented, including a majority of those whose representatives are entitled to participate in the meetings provided for under Article IX, shall be communicated by the depositary Government to all the Contracting Parties immediately after the termination of the Conference and shall enter into force in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 1 of the present Article.
(c) If any such modification or amendment has not entered into force in accordance with the provisions of subparagraph 1 (a) of this Article within a period of two years after the date of its communication to all the Contracting Parties, any Contracting Party may at any time after the expiration of that period give notice to the depositary Government of its withdrawal from the present Treaty; and such withdrawal shall take effect two years after the receipt of the notice by the depositary Government.
Article XIII
1. The present Treaty shall be subject to ratification by the signatory States. It shall be open for accession by any State which is a Member of the United Nations, or by any other State which may be invited to accede to the Treaty with the consent of all the Contracting Parties whose representatives are entitled to participate in the meetings provided for under Article IX of the Treaty.
2. Ratification of or accession to the present Treaty shall be effected by each State in accordance with its constitutional processes.
3. Instruments of ratification and instruments of accession shall be deposited with the Government of the United States of America, hereby designated as the depositary Government.
4. The depositary Government shall inform all signatory and acceding States of the date of each deposit of an instrument of ratification or accession, and the date of entry into force of the Treaty and of any modification or amendment thereto.
5. Upon the deposit of instruments of ratification by all the signatory States, the present Treaty shall enter into force for those States and for States which have deposited instruments of accession. Thereafter the Treaty shall enter into force for any acceding State upon the deposit of its instrument of accession.
6. The present Treaty shall be registered by the depositary Government pursuant to Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations.
Article XIV
The present Treaty, done in the English, French, Russian and Spanish languages, each version being equally authentic, shall be deposited in the archives of the Government of the United States of America, which shall transmit duly certified copies thereof to the Governments of the signatory and acceding States.
In witness whereof, the undersigned Plenipotentiaries, duly authorized, have signed the present Treaty.
Done at Washington this first day of December, one thousand nine hundred and fifty-nine.
南極條約
阿根廷、澳大利亞、比利時、智利、法蘭西共和國、日本、新西蘭、挪威、南非聯邦、蘇維埃社會主義共和國聯盟、大不列顛及北愛爾蘭聯合王國和美利堅合眾國政府，
承認為了全人類的利益，南極應永遠專為和平目的而使用，不應成為國際紛爭的場所和對象；
認識到在國際合作下對南極的科學調查，為科學知識作出了重大貢獻；
確信建立堅實的基礎，以便按照國際地球物理年期間的實踐，在南極科學調查自由的基礎上繼續和發展國際合作，符合科學和全人類進步的利益；
並確信保證南極只用於和平目的和繼續保持在南極的國際和睦的條約將促進聯合國憲章的宗旨和原則；
協議如下：
第一條
一、南極應只用於和平目的。一切具有軍事性質的措施，例如建立軍事基地，建築要塞，進行軍事演習以及任何類型武器的試驗等等，均予禁止。
二、本條約不禁止為了科學研究或任何其他和平目的而使用軍事人員或軍事設備。
第二條
在國際地球物理年內所實行的南極科學調查自由和為此目的而進行的合作，應按照本條約的規定予以繼續。
第三條
一、為了按照本條約第二條的規定，在南極促進科學調查方面的國際合作，締約各方同意在一切實際可行的範圍內：
（甲）交換南極科學規劃的情報，以便保證用最經濟的方法獲得最大的效果；
（乙）在南極各考察隊和各考察站之間交換科學人員；
（丙）南極的科學考察報告和成果應予交換並可自由得到。
二、在實施本條款時，應盡力鼓勵同南極具有科學和技術興趣的聯合國專門機構以及其他國際組織建立合作的工作關係。
第四條
一、本條約的任何規定不得解釋為：
（甲）締約任何一方放棄在南極原來所主張的領土主權權利或領土的要求；
（乙）締約任何一方全部或部分放棄由於它在南極的活動或由於它的國民在南極的活動或其他原因而構成的對南極領土主權的要求的任何根據；
（丙）損害締約任何一方關於它承認或否認任何其他國家在南極的領土主權的要求或要求的根據的立場。
二、在本條約有效期間所發生的一切行為或活動，不得構成主張、支持或否定對南極的領土主權的要求的基礎，也不得創立在南極的任何主權權利。在本條約有效期間，對在南極的領土主權不得提出新的要求或擴大現有的要求。
第五條
一、禁止在南極進行任何核爆炸和在該區域處置放射性塵埃。
二、如果在使用核子能包括核爆炸和處置放射性塵埃方面達成國際協定，而其代表有權參加本條約第九條所列舉的會議的締約各方均為締約國時，則該協定所確立的規則均適用於南極。
第六條
本條約的規定應適用於南緯60°以南的地區，包括一切冰架；但本條約的規定不應損害或在任何方面影響任何一個國家在該地區內根據國際法所享有的對公海的權利或行使這些權利。
第七條
一、為了促進本條約的宗旨，並保證這些規定得到遵守，有權參加本條約第九條所述的會議的締約各方，應有權指派觀察員執行本條所規定的任何視察。觀察員應為指派他的締約國的國民。觀察員的姓名應通知其他有權指派觀察員的締約每一方，對其任命的終止也應給以同樣的通知。
二、根據本條第一款的規定所指派的每一個觀察員，應有完全的自由在任何時間進入南極的任何一個或一切地區。
三、南極的一切地區，包括一切駐所、裝置和設備，以及在南極裝卸貨物或人員的地點的一切船隻和飛機，應隨時對根據本條第一款所指派的任何觀察員開放，任其視察。
四、有權指派觀察員的任何締約國，可於任何時間在南極的任何或一切地區進行空中視察。
五、締約每一方，在本條約對它生效時，應將下列情況通知其他締約各方，並且以後應事先將下列情況通知它們：
（甲）它的船隻或國民前往南極和在南極所進行的一切考察，以及在它領土上組織或從它領土上出發的一切前往南極的考察隊。
（乙）它的國民在南極所佔有的一切駐所；
（丙）它依照本條約第一條第二款規定的條件，準備帶進南極的任何軍事人員或裝備。
第八條
一、為了便利締約各方行使本條約規定的職責，並且不損害締約各方關於在南極對所有其他人員行使管轄權的各自立場，根據本條約第七條第一款指派的觀察員和根據本條約第三條第一款（乙）項而交換的科學人員以及任何這些人員的隨從人員，在南極為了行使他們的職責而逗留期間發生的一切行為或不行為，應只受他們所屬締約一方的管轄。
二、在不損害本條第一款的規定，並在依照第九條第一款（戊）項採取措施以前，有關的締約各方對在南極行使管轄權的任何爭端應立即共同協商，以求達到相互可以接受的解決。
第九條
一、本條約序言所列締約各方的代表，應於本條約生效之日後兩個月內在堪培拉城開會，以後並在合適的期間和地點開會，以便交換情報、共同協商有關南極的共同利益問題，並闡述、考慮以及向本國政府建議旨在促進本條約的原則和宗旨的措施，包括關於下列各方的措施：
（甲）南極只用於和平目的；
（乙）便利在南極的科學研究；
（丙）便利在南極的國際科學合作；
（丁）便利行使本條約第七條所規定的視察權利；
（戊）關於在南極管轄權的行使問題；
（己）南極有生資源的保護與保存。
二、任何根據第十三條而加入本條約的締約國當其在南極進行例如建立科學站或派遣科學考察隊的具體的科學研究活動而對南極表示興趣時，有權委派代表參加本條第一款中提到的會議。
三、本條約第七條提及的觀察員的報告，應送交參加本條第一款所述的會議的締約各方的代表。
四、本條第一款所述的各項措施，應在派遣代表參加考慮這些措施的會議的締約各方同意時才能生效。
五、本條約確立的任何或一切權利自本條約生效之日起即可行使，不論對行使這種權利的便利措施是否按照本條的規定而已被提出、考慮或同意。
第十條
締約每一方保證作出符合聯合國憲章的適當的努力，務使任何人不得在南極從事違反本條約的原則和宗旨的任何活動。
第十一條
一、如兩個或更多的締約國對本條約的解釋或執行發生任何爭端，則該締約各方應彼此協商，以使該爭端通過談判、調查、調停、和解、仲裁、司法裁決或它們自己選擇的其他和平手段得到解決。
二、沒有得到這樣解決的任何這種性質的爭端，在有關爭端所有各方都同意時，應提交國際法院解決，但如對提交國際法院未能達成協議，也不應解除爭端各方根據本條第一款所述的各種和平手段的任何一種繼續設法解決該爭端的責任。
第十二條
一、（甲）經其代表有權參加第九條規定的會議的締約各方的一致同意，本條約可在任何時候予以變更或修改。任何這種變更或修改應在保存國政府從所有這些締約各方接到它們已批准這種變更或修改的通知時生效。
（乙）這種變更或修改對任何其他締約一方的生效，應在其批准的通知已由保存國政府收到時開始。任何這樣的締約一方，依照本條第一款（甲）項的規定變更或修改開始生效的兩年期間內尚未發出批准變更或修改的通知，應認為在該期限屆滿之日已退出本條約。
二、（甲）如在本條約生效之日起滿三十年後，任何一個其代表有權參加第九條規定的會議的締約國用書面通知保存國政府的方式提出請求，則應盡快舉行包括一切締約國的會議，以便審查條約的實施情況。
（乙）在上述會議上，經出席會議的大多數締約國，包括其代表有權參加第九條規定的會議的大多數締約國，所同意的本條約的任何變更或修改，應由保存國政府在會議結束後立即通知一切締約國，並應依照本條第一款的規定而生效。
（丙）任何這種變更或修改，如在通知所有締約國之日以後兩年內尚未依照本條第一款（甲）項的規定生效，則任何締約國得在上述時期屆滿後的任何時候，向保存國政府發出其退出本條約的通知；這樣的退出應在保存國政府接到通知的兩年後生效。
第十三條
一、本條約須經各簽字國批准。對於聯合國任何會員國，或經其代表有權參加本條約第九條規定的會議的所有締約國同意而邀請加入本條約的任何其他國家，本條約應予開放，任其加入。
二、批准或加入本條約應由各國根據其憲法程序實行。
三、批准書和加入書應交存於美利堅合眾國政府，該國政府已被指定為保存國政府。
四、保存國政府應將每個批准書或加入書的交存日期、本條約的生效日期以及對本條約任何變更或修改的日期通知所有簽字國和加入國。
五、當所有簽字國都交存批准書時，本條約應對這些國家和已交存加入書的國家生效。此後本條約應對任何加入國在它交存其加入書時生效。
六、本條約應由保存國政府按照聯合國憲章第一百零二條進行登記。
第十四條
本條約用英文、法文、俄文和西班牙文寫成，每種文本具有同等效力。本條約應交存於美利堅合眾國政府的檔案庫中。美利堅合眾國政府應將正式證明無誤的副本遞交所有簽字國和加入國政府。
下列正式受權的全權代表簽署本條約以資證明。
一九五九年十二月一日訂於華盛頓。
