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第451/72號國令

十一月十四日

政府行使《憲法》第一百零九條第二款第二部分所賦予之權能，命令如下：

獨一條

通過一九七一年九月二十三日在蒙特利爾締結之《關於制止危害民用航空安全的非法行為的公約》以待批准；該公約之英文文本及葡文譯本附於本命令。

於部長會議內檢閱及通過——Marcello Caetano——Rui Manuel de Medeiros d'Espiney Patrício。

一九七二年十一月三日簽署。

命令公布。

共和國總統 Américo Deus Rodrigues Thomaz

（一九七二年十一月十四日第265期《葡萄牙政府公報》第一組）

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Convention for the suppression of unlawful acts against the safety of civil aviation

The states parties to this Convention,

Considering that unlawful acts against the safety of civil aviation jeopardize the safety of persons and property, seriously affect the operation of air services, and undermine the confidence of the peoples of the world in the safety of civil aviation;

Considering that the occurrence of such acts is a matter of grave concern;

Considering that, for the purpose of deterring such acts, there is an urgent need to provide appropriate measures for punishment of offenders;

have agreed as follows:

ARTICLE 1

1. Any person commits an offence if he unlawfully and intentionally:

a) Performs an act of violence against a person on board an aircraft in flight if that act is likely to endanger the safety of that aircraft; or

b) Destroys an aircraft in service or causes damage to such an aircraft which renders it incapable of flight or which is likely to endanger its safety in flight; or

c) Places or causes to be placed on an aircraft in service, by any means whatsoever, a device or substance which is likely to destroy that aircraft, or to cause damage to it which renders it incapable of flight, or to cause damage to it which is likely to endanger its safety in flight; or

d) Destroys or damages air navigation facilities or interferes with their operation, if any such act is likely to endanger the safety of aircraft in flight; or

e) Communicates information which he knows to be false, thereby endangering the safety of an aircraft in flight.

2. Any person also commits an offence if he:

a) Attempts to commit any of the offences mentioned in paragraph 1 of this article; or

b) Is an accomplice of a person who commits or attempts to commit any such offence.

ARTICLE 2

For the purposes of this Convention:

a) An aircraft is considered to be in flight at any time from the moment when all its external doors are closed following embarkation until the moment when any such door is opened for disembarkation; in the case of a forced landing, the flight shall be deemed to continue until the competent authorities take over the responsibility for the aircraft and for persons and property on board;

b) An aircraft is considered to be in service from the beginning of the preflight preparation of the aircraft by ground personnel or by the crew for a specific flight until twenty-four hours after any landing; the period of service shall, in any event, extend for the entire period during which the aircraft is in flight as defined in paragraph a) of this article.

ARTICLE 3

Each Contracting State undertakes to make the offences mentioned in article 1 punishable by severe penalties.

ARTICLE 4

1. This Convention shall not apply to aircraft used in military, customs or police services.

2. In the cases contemplated in subparagraphs a), b), c) and e) of paragraph 1 of article 1, this Convention shall apply, irrespective of whether the aircraft is engaged in an international or domestic flight, only if:

a) The place of take-off or landing, actual or intended, of the aircraft is situated outside the territory of the State of registration of that aircraft; or

b) The offence is committed in the territory of a State other than the State of registration of the aircraft.

3. Notwithstanding paragraph 2 of this article, in the cases contemplated in subparagraphs a), b), c) and e) of paragraph 1 of article 1, this Convention shall also apply if the offender or the alleged offender is found in the territory of a State other than the State of registration of the aircraft.

4. With respect to the States mentioned in article 9 and in the cases mentioned in subparagraphs a), b), c) and e) of paragraph 1 of article 1, this Convention shall not apply if the places referred to in subparagraph a) of paragraph 2 of this article are situated within the territory of the same State where that State is one of those referred to in article 9, unless the offence is committed or the offender or alleged offender is found in the territory of a State other than that State.

5. In the cases contemplated in subparagraph d) of paragraph 1 of article 1, this Convention shall apply only if the air navigation facilities are used in international air navigation.

6. The provisions of paragraphs 2, 3, 4 and 5 of this article shall also apply in the cases contemplated in paragraph 2 of article 1.

ARTICLE 5

1. Each Contracting State shall take such measures as may be necessary to establish its jurisdiction over the offences in the following cases:

a) When the offence is committed in the territory of that State;

b) When the offence is committed against or on board an aircraft registered in that State;

c) When the aircraft on board which the offence is committed lands in its territory with the alleged offender still on board;

d) When the offence is committed against or on board an aircraft leased without crew to a lessee who has his principal place of business or, if the lessee has no such place of business, his permanent residence, in that State.

2. Each Contracting State shall likewise take such measures as may be necessary to establish its jurisdiction over the offences mentioned in article 1, paragraph 1, a), b) and c), and in article 1, paragraph 2, in so far as that paragraph relates to those offences, in the case where the alleged offender is present in its territory and it does not extradite him pursuant to article 8 to any of the States mentioned in paragraph 1 of this article.

3. This Convention does not exclude any criminal jurisdiction exercised in accordance with national law.

ARTICLE 6

1. Upon being satisfied that the circumstances so warrant, any Contracting State in the territory of which the offender or the alleged offender is present, shall take him into custody or take other measures to ensure his presence. The custody and other measures shall be as provided in the law of that State but may only be continued for such time as is necessary to enable any criminal or extradition proceedings to be instituted.

2. Such State shall immediately make a preliminary enquiry into the facts.

3. Any person in custody pursuant to paragraph 1 of this article shall be assisted in communicating immediately with the nearest appropriate representative of the State of which he is a national.

4. When a State, pursuant to this article, has taken a person into custody, it shall immediately notify the States mentioned in article 5, paragraph 1, the State of nationality of the detained person and, if it considers it advisable, any other interested State of the fact that such person is in custody and of the circumstances which warrant his detention. The State which makes the preliminary enquiry contemplated in paragraph 2 of this article shall promptly report its findings to the said States and shall indicate whether it intends to exercise jurisdiction.

ARTICLE 7

The Contracting State in the territory of which the alleged offender is found shall, if it does not extradite him be obliged, without exception whatsoever and whether or not the offence was committed in its territory, to submit the case to its competent authorities for the purpose of prosecution. Those authorities shall take their decision in the same manner as in the case of any ordinary offence of a serious nature under the law of that State.

ARTICLE 8

1. The offences shall be deemed to be included as extraditable offences in any extradition treaty existing between Contracting States. Contracting States undertake to include the offences as extraditable offences in every extradition treaty to be concluded between them.

2. If a Contracting State which makes extradition conditional on the existence of a treaty receives a request for extradition from another Contracting State with which it has no extradition treaty, it may at its option consider this Convention as the legal basis for extradition in respect of the offences. Extradition shall be subject to the other conditions provided by the law of the requested State.

3. Contracting States which do not make extradition conditional on the existence of a treaty shall recognize the offences as extraditable offences between themselves subject to the conditions provided by the law of the requested State.

4. Each of the offences shall be treated, for the purpose of extradition between Contracting States, as if it had been committed not only in the place in which it occurred but also in the territories of the States required to establish their jurisdiction in accordance with article 5, paragraph 1, b), c) and d).

ARTICLE 9

The Contracting States which establish joint air transport operating organizations or international operating agencies, which operate aircraft which are subject to joint or international registration shall, by appropriate means, designate for each aircraft the State among them which shall exercise the jurisdiction and have the attributes of the State of registration for the purpose of this Convention and shall give notice thereof to the International Civil Aviation Organization which shall communicate the notice to all States Parties to this Convention.

ARTICLE 10

1. Contracting States shall, in accordance with international and national law, endeavour to take all practicable measure for the purpose of preventing the offences mentioned in article 1.

2. When, due to the commission of one of the offences mentioned in article 1, a flight has been delayed or interrupted, any Contracting State in whose territory the aircraft or passengers or crew are present shall facilitate the continuation of the journey of the passengers and crew as soon as practicable, and shall without delay return the aircraft and its cargo to the persons lawfully entitled to possession.

ARTICLE 11

1. Contracting States shall afford one another the greatest measure of assistance in connection with criminal proceedings brought in respect of the offences. The law of the State requested shall apply in all cases.

2. The provisions of paragraph 1 of this article shall not affect obligations under any other treaty, bilateral or multilateral, which governs or will govern, in whole or in part, mutual assistance in criminal matters.

ARTICLE 12

Any Contracting State having reason to believe that one of the offences mentioned in article 1 will be committed shall, in accordance with its national law, furnish any relevant information in its possession to those States which it believes would be the States mentioned in article 5, paragraph 1.

ARTICLE 13

Each Contracting State shall in accordance with its national law report to the Council of the International Civil Aviation Organization as promptly as possible any relevant information in its possession concerning:

a) The circumstances of the offence;

b) The action taken pursuant to article 10, paragraph 2;

c) The measures taken in relation to the offender or the alleged offender and, in particular, the results of any extradition proceedings or other legal proceedings.

ARTICLE 14

1. Any dispute between two or more Contracting States concerning the interpretation or application of this Convention which cannot be settled through negotiation, shall, at the request of one of them, be submitted to arbitration. If within six months from the date of the request for arbitration the Parties are unable to agree on the organization of the arbitration, any one of those Parties may refer the dispute to the International Court of Justice by request in conformity with the Statute of the Court.

2. Each State may at the time of signature or ratification of this Convention or accession thereto, declare that it does not consider itself bound by the preceding paragraph. The other Contracting States shall not be bound by the preceding paragraph with respect to any Contracting State having made such a reservation.

3. Any Contracting State having made a reservation in accordance with the preceding paragraph may at any time withdraw this reservation by notification to the Depositary Governments.

ARTICLE 15

1. This Convention shall be open for signature at Montreal on 23 September 1971, by States participating in the International Conference on Air Law held at Montreal from 8 to 23 September 1971 (hereinafter referred to as the Montreal Conference). After 10 October 1971, the Convention shall be open to all States for signature in Moscow, London and Washington. Any State which does not sign this Convention before its entry into force in accordance with paragraph 3 of this article may accede to it at any time.

2. This Convention shall be subject to ratification by the signatory States. Instruments of ratification and instruments of accession shall be deposited with the Governments of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United States of America, which are hereby designated the Depositary Governments.

3. This Convention shall enter into force thirty days following the date of the deposit of instruments of ratification by ten States signatory to this Convention which participated in the Montreal Conference.

4. For other States, this Convention shall enter into force on the date of entry into force of this Convention in accordance with paragraph 3 of this article, or thirty days following the date of deposit of their instruments of ratification or accession, whichever is later.

5. The Depositary Governments shall promptly inform all signatory and acceding States of the date of each signature, the date of deposit of each instrument of ratification or accession, the date of entry into force of this Convention, and other notices.

6. As soon as this Convention comes into force, it shall be registered by the Depositary Governments pursuant to article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations and pursuant to article 83 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation (Chicago, 1944).

ARTICLE 16

1. Any Contracting State may denounce this Convention by written notification to the Depositary Governments.

2. Denunciation shall take effect six months following the date on which notification is received by the Depositary Governments.

In witness whereof the undersigned Plenipotentiaries, being duly authorized thereto by their Governments, have signed this Convention.

Done at Montreal, this twenty-third day of September, one thousand nine hundred and seventy-one, in three originals, each being drawn up in four authentic texts in the English, French, Russian and Spanish languages.

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關於制止危害民用

航空安全的非法行為的公約

（1971年9月23日訂於蒙特利爾）

本公約各締約國

考慮到危害民用航空安全的非法行為危及人身和財產的安全，嚴重影響航班的經營，並損害世界人民對民用航空安全的信任；

考慮到發生這些行為是令人嚴重關切的事情；

考慮到為了防止這類行為，迫切需要規定適當的措施以懲罰罪犯；

協議如下：

第一條 —— 一、任何人如果非法地和故意地從事下述行為，即是犯有罪行：

（甲） 對飛行中的航空器內的人從事暴力行為，如該行為將會危及該航空器的安全；或

（乙） 破壞使用中的航空器或對該航空器造成損壞，使其不能飛行或將會危及其飛行安全；或

（丙） 用任何方法在使用中的航空器內放置或使別人放置一種將會破壞該航空器或其造成損壞使其不能飛行或對其造成損壞而將會危及其飛行安全的裝置或物質；或

（丁） 破壞或損壞航行設備或妨礙其工作，如任何此種行為將會危及飛行中航空器的安全；或

（戊） 傳送他明知是虛假的情報，從而危及飛行中的航空器的安全。

二、任何人如果他從事下述行為，也是犯有罪行：

（甲） 企圖犯本條第一款所指的任何罪行；或

（乙） 是犯有或企圖犯任何此種罪行的人的同犯。

第二條 —— 在本公約中：

（甲） 航空器從裝載完畢、機倉外部各門均已關閉時起，直至打開任一機倉門以便卸載時為止，應被認為是在飛行中；航空器強迫降落時，在主當局接管對該航空器及其所載人員和財產的責任前，應被認為仍在飛行中。

（乙） 從地面人員或機組為某一特定飛行而對航空器進行飛行前的準備時起，直到降落後二十四小時止，該航空器應被認為是在使用中；在任何情況下，使用的期間應包括本條（甲）款所規定的航空器是在飛行中的整個時間。

第三條 —— 各締約國承允對第一條所指的罪行給予嚴厲懲罰。

第四條 —— 一、本公約不適用於供軍事、海關或警察用的航空器。

二、在第一條第一款（甲） 、（乙）、（丙）和（戊）各項所指情況下，不論航空器是從事國際飛行或國內飛行，本公約均應適用，只要：

（甲） 航空器的實際或預定起飛或降落地點是在該航空器登記國領土以外；或

（乙） 罪行是在該航空器登記國以外的一國領土內發生的。

三、儘管有本條第二款的規定，在第一條第一款（甲）、（乙）、（丙）和（戊）項所指情況下，如罪犯或被指稱的罪犯是在該航空器登記國以外的一國領土內被發現，則本公約也應適用。

四、關於第九條所指的各國，在第一條第一款（甲）、（乙）、（丙）和（戊）項所指的情況下，如本條第二款（甲）項所指地點處於同一國家的領土內，而這一國家又是第九條所指國家之一，則本公約不應適用，除非罪行是在該國以外的一國領土內發生或罪犯或被指稱的罪犯是在該國以外的一國領土內被發現。

五、在第一條第一款（丁）項所指的情況下，只有在航行設備是用於國際航行時，本公約才適用。

六、本條第二、三、四和五款的規定，也適用於第一條第二款所指的情況。

第五條 —— 一、在下列情況下，各締約國應採取必要措施，對罪行實施管轄權：

（甲） 罪行是在該國領土內發生的；

（乙） 罪行是針對在該國登記的航空器，或在該航空器內發生的；

（丙） 在其內發生犯罪行為的航空器在該國降落時被指稱的罪犯仍在航空器內；

（丁） 罪行是針對租來時不帶機組的航空器，或是在該航空器內發生的，而承租人的主要營業地，或如承租人沒有這種營業地，則其永久居所，是在該國。

二、當被指稱的罪犯在締約國領土內，而該國未按第八條的規定將此人引渡給本條第一款所指的任一國家時，該締約國應同樣採取必要措施，對第一條第一款（甲）、（乙） 和（丙）項所指的罪行，以及對第一條第二款所列與這些款項有關的罪行實施管轄權。

三、本公約不排斥根據本國法行使任何刑事管轄權。

第六條 —— 一、罪犯或被指稱的罪犯所在的任一締約國在判明情況有此需要時，應將該人拘留或採取其他措施以保證該人留在境內。這種拘留和其他措施應符合該國的法律規定， 但是只有在為了提出刑事訴訟或引渡程序所必要的期間內，才可繼續保持這些措施。

二、該國應立即對事實進行初步調查。

三、對根據本條第一款予以拘留的任何人，應向其提供協助，以便其立即與其本國最近的合格代表聯繫。

四、當一國根據本條規定將某人拘留時，它應將拘留該人和應予拘留的情況立即通知第五條第一款所指國家和被拘留人的國籍所屬國，如果認為適當，並通知其他有關國家。按照本條第二款規定進行初步調查的國家，應盡速將調查結果通知上述各國， 並說明它是否意欲行使管轄權。

第七條 —— 在其境內發現被指稱的罪犯的締約國，如不將此人引渡，則不論罪行是否在其境內發生，應無例外地將此案件提交其主管當局以便起訴。該當局應按照本國法律，以對待任何嚴重性質的普通罪行案件的同樣方式作出決定。

第八條 —— 一、前述罪行應看作是包括在締約各國間現有引渡條約中的一種可引渡的罪行。 締約各國承允將此種罪行作為一種可引渡的罪行列入它們之間將要締結的每一項引渡條約中。

二、如一締約國規定只有在訂有引渡條約的條件下才可以引渡，而當該締約國接到未與其訂有引渡條約的另一締約國的引渡要求時，可以自行決定認為本公約是對該罪行進行引渡的法律根據。引渡應遵照被要求國法律規定的其他條件。

三、締約各國如沒有規定只有在訂有引渡條約下才可引渡，則在遵照被要求國法律規定的條件下，應承認上述罪行是它們之間可引渡的罪行。

四、為在締約各國之間引渡的目的，每一罪行應看作不僅是發生在所發生的地點，而且也是發生在根據第五條第一款（乙）、（丙）和（丁）項要求實施其管轄權的國家領土上。

第九條 —— 如締約各國成立航空運輸聯營組織或國際經營機構，而其使用的航空器需要進行聯合登記或國際登記時，則這些締約國應通過適當方法在它們之間為每一航空器指定一個國家，該國為本公約的目的，應行使管轄權並具有登記國的性質，並應將此項指定通知國際民用航空組織，由該組織將上述通知轉告本公約所有締約國。

第十條 —— 一、締約各國應根據國際法和本國法，努力採取一切可能的措施，以防止發生第一條所指的罪行。

二、當由於發生了第一條所指的一種罪行，使飛行延誤或中斷，航空器、旅客或機組所在的任何締約國應對旅客和機組繼續其旅行盡速提供方便，並應將航空器和所載貨物不遲延地交還給合法的所有人。

第十一條 —— 一、締約各國對上述罪行所提出的刑事訴訟，應相互給予最大程度的協助，在任何情況下，都應適用被要求國的法律。

二、本條第一款的規定，不應影響因任何其他雙邊或多邊條約在刑事問題上全部地或部分地規定或將規定相互協助而承擔的義務。

第十二條 —— 任何締約國如有理由相信將要發生第一條所指的罪行之一時，應遵照其本國法向其認為是第五條第一款所指的國家，提供其所掌握的任何有關情況。

第十三條 —— 一、每一締約國應遵照其本國法盡快地向國際民用航空組織理事會就下列各項報告它所掌握的任何有關情況：

（甲） 犯罪的情況；

（乙） 根據第十條第二款採取的行動；

（丙） 對罪犯或被稱的罪犯所採取的措施，特別是任何引渡程序或其他法律程序的結果。

第十四條 —— 一、如兩個或幾個締約國之間對本公約的解釋或應用發生爭端而不能以談判解決時，經其中一方的要求，應交付仲裁。如果在要求仲裁之日起六個月內，當事國對仲裁的組成不能達成協議，任何一方可按照國際法院規約，要求將爭端提交國際法院。

二、每個國家在簽字、批准或加入本公約時，可以聲明該國不受前款規定的約束， 其他締約國對於任何作出這種保留的締約國，也不受前款規定的約束。

三、按照前款規定作出保留的任何締約國，可以在任何時候通知保存國政府撤銷這一保留。

第十五條 —— 一、本公約於1971年9月23日在蒙特利爾開放，聽任1971年9月8日到23日在蒙特利爾舉行的國際航空法會議（以下稱為蒙特利爾會議）的參加國簽字。1971年10月10日後，本公約將在莫斯科、倫敦和華盛頓向所有國家開放簽字。在本公約根據本條第三款開始生效前未在本公約上簽字的任何國家，可在任何時候加入本公約。

二、本公約須經簽字國批准，批准書和加入書應交存蘇維埃社會主義共和國聯盟、 大不列顛及北愛爾蘭聯合王國以及美利堅合眾國政府，這些政府被指定為保存國政府。

三、本公約應於參加蒙特利爾會議在本公約上簽字的十個國家交存批准書後三十天生效。

四、對其他國家，本公約應於本條第三款規定生效之日，或在它們交存批准書或加入書後三十天生效，以兩者中較晚的一個日期為準。

五、保存國政府應迅速將每一簽字日期、每一批准書或加入書交存日期、本公約開始生效日期以及其他通知事項通知所有簽字國和加入國。

六、本公約一經生效，應由保存國政府根據聯合國憲章第一百零二條和國際民用航空公約（1944年芝加哥）第八十三條進行登記。

第十六條 —— 一、任何締約國可以書面通知保存國政府退出本公約。

二、退出應於保存國政府接到通知之日起六個月後生效。

下列簽字的全權代表，經各自政府正式授權在本公約上簽字，以資證明。

1971年9月23日訂於蒙特利爾，正本一式三份，每份都用英文、法文、俄文和西班牙四種有效文本寫成。

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